Which of the following best captures the focus of the Song Dynasty?

The Song Dynasty, which ruled China from 960 to 1279, is particularly noted for its remarkable advancements in technology, culture, and commerce. During this period, there was a significant emphasis on innovation, leading to breakthroughs such as the development of gunpowder, the compass, and printing techniques. These technological advancements helped fuel economic growth and strengthened trade networks, both domestically and internationally.

Commerce thrived during the Song Dynasty as well, marked by a burgeoning merchant class and expanded markets. The introduction of paper money and the establishment of a sophisticated banking system facilitated trade, which was further enhanced by the maritime trade routes developed during this time. Additionally, the government encouraged agricultural surplus, which in turn supported larger urban populations and contributed to economic dynamism.

In stark contrast, other aspects of the Song Dynasty, such as heavy military focus or isolationist policies, were less pronounced compared to this flourishing of commerce and technology. The Song’s military, while integral, was notably not as aggressive or expansionist as that of previous dynasties, and legalism, which emphasizes strict adherence to law and governance, was not the prevailing philosophy of the time. Instead, Confucianism influenced social structures and governance, promoting harmony and moral leadership over strict legal